White Lies.
Even though we are taught that lying is wrong, we all tell lies every
day; but lots of them are “white lies.” A co-worker asks you how you are and
you say “fine” even though you have indigestion, or your friend asks if she
looks puffy and you look straight into her puffy eyes and say “No, you look
great”. These are lies, but they are pretty innocent. We use these kinds of
lies as “social lubricants” without doing much damage.
Lying for
Gain
Moving up to more consequential lies, people can use deception with
“offensive motives” in order to obtain rewards, gain an advantage over others,
win admiration or exercise power over others. Lying with offensive
motives could be as mild as padding your resume just a smidgen to score a new
job or as toxic as a televangelist ripping off millions of dollars from his
vulnerable flock. "Defensive motives” for lying include avoiding
punishment or embarrassment, protecting others, avoiding physical or emotional
harm, maintaining privacy, and steering clear of awkward social situations.
In general, research shows that men lie about themselves more than about
others, often “to appear more interesting, powerful or successful than they
are”. Women lie more often “to protect other people’s feelings or make others
feel better about themselves”. Lying for gain includes identity theft,
investment fraud, embezzlement, and other business fraud. At one end of the
spectrum, you have got a little fudging on your own tax return; at the other
end, you have got the massive rip-off schemes of the unscrupulous
manipulators.
Compulsive Liars
Compulsive or pathological lying is in a whole other league. There is
much ambiguity about whether pathological lying exists as a disease in and of
itself. It is often thought to be a secondary feature of some other
condition. A German physician, Anton Delbruck, was the first to identify
the abnormal behaviour we now call pathological lying.
We all know
about famous people - politicians, celebrities, business people - who have lied
either offensively or defensively, these are examples of well-known people who
lie without any discernable benefit, in other words, people who are compulsive
liars, are actually rarer.
The cause
of compulsive lying is unknown. Research has illuminated certain factors,
though. One review of 72 cases found that the average onset of compulsive lying
occurred at 16 years old. There was approximately the same number of males and
females in the group, and the median IQ was slightly below average, with better
verbal intelligence than performance intelligence. Up to 40 percent of cases of
compulsive liars have a history of central nervous system abnormalities” like
head trauma, epilepsy or central nervous system infection. This indicates that
there may be some physiological cause.
Sometimes, another disorder is primary and compulsive lying is just a
symptom. Several psychiatric conditions provide fertile ground for pathological
lyings to occur, such as Borderline Personality Disorder and Narcissistic
Personality Disorder. A particularly chilling manifestation of pathological
lying is its presence as a symptom of sociopathy. Someone who lies as
a result of sociopathy is more dangerous to others. Without a conscience,
sociopaths focus on controlling and manipulating others. A sociopath will lie
just for the game of tricking someone. Sociopaths are known for their
callousness, lack of empathy and absence of remorse when they have hurt
someone. They can be extremely charming and charismatic, more spontaneous, or
more intense, or somehow more ‘complex,’ or sexier, or more entertaining than
everyone else.
Whether we are concerned about a person who may be sociopathic or we are
dealing with dishonesty in some other manner, we can learn skills to identify a
deceptive person. Knowledge is the power that may spare us from experiencing
real losses; great and small.
How to
Spot a Liar
Do you have confidence in your ability to recognize when someone is lying? How about the idea that a liar will avoid eye contact or look nervous? Neither of these behaviours is a primary indicator of lying. Facial clues include “micro-expressions,” like a split-second flash of anger when someone is saying friendly words or a smile where the lips are upturned but the eyes are not narrowed. The body also belies deception. A person who is lying may try to put “barrier objects” between herself and a questioner, or she may shake her head no when she is answering in the affirmative, or shrug with only one side of her body, suggesting a “fake” emotion. Verbal clues can be in the form of “bolstering statements” like “I swear to God…” or “to be honest…”
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