The Dome of the Rock: an academic study

This is certainly a very interesting hypothesis and quite difficult to dismiss without further examination. The fact that the inscription talks about Jesus and the “Muhammad” in the inscription, if translated to “the praised one”, can also be talking about Jesus gives credence to this hypothesis.

NO HOLDS BARRED

Raja Petra Kamarudin

The Dome of the Rock is a shrine or memorial located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was built by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik and was completed in AD 691.

The Temple Mount, known in Hebrew (and in Judaism) as Har haBáyith and in Arabic (and in Islam) as theHaram Ash-Sharif (al-haram al-qudsī ash-sharīf means Noble Sanctuary), is one of the most important religious sites in the Old City of Jerusalem. It has been used as a religious site for thousands of years. At least four religions are known to have used the Temple Mount as their holy site: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, and Roman paganism.

The inscriptions on the Dome of the Rock can be seen below. The two ‘key words’ in those inscriptions would be “Islam” and “Muhammad”. Hence, going by these two key words, the Dome of the Rock is believed to have been built by a Muslim -- the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik -- and it is further believed to have been built as a shrine or memorial to the Prophet Muhammad, the prophet of Islam.

In Arabic, the word “Islam” means “submission” or “surrender”, which is derived from the root word “salam”.From this root word, you can also derive the words “peace” and “safety”. Many people feel that Islam implies some sort of “enslavement to Allah”, but others find it more viable to define the word “Islam” as “surrender”.

The word “Muhammad” is derived from the Arabic root word “hamd” or “praise”. It is the emphatic passive participle of that root and can be translated as “the Oft-Praised One”. As for “Ahmad”, it is the superlative form of the same root word “hamd”, which means “the Highly Praised One”.

If you were to interpret the word “Islam” as “submission” or “surrender” and the word “Muhammad” as “the praised one”, then the inscriptions will take on an entirely different meaning.

Western scholars are beginning to question whether the Dome of the Rock is a memorial to the Prophet Muhammad or a memorial to Jesus Christ. For example, “Muhammad is the Messenger of God, the blessing of God be on him” can also be interpreted to mean: “The praised one is the Messenger of God, the blessing of God be on him”. “Muhammad is the servant of God and His Messenger” can also be interpreted to mean: “The praised one is the servant of God and His Messenger”.

Now, assuming that the “Muhammad” in the inscription does not refer to Muhammad the person (the proper noun) but refers to “the praised one” (an adjective), whom, therefore, are they referring to? If you were to look at the other parts of the inscription, it talks about “The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a Messenger of God”. Then it goes on to say: “It befitteth not God that He should take unto Himself a son” and “There is no god but God”.

Scholars believe that this is evidence that the inscription is not talking about Prophet Muhammad but about Jesus Christ and that this ‘doctrine of faith’ is meant to counter or dispute the Christian dogma that Jesus is the Son of God and the Lord (Jesus) -- and that Jesus was merely a messenger or prophet of God.

If these scholars are correct in their assumptions, this throws a whole new light on the more than 1,000-year-old conflict as to who owns this holy site. Was this structure built as a memorial to Prophet Muhammad or to Jesus Christ? And if it is a memorial to Jesus Christ, was it built to counter the Christian dogma of the Holy Trinity and present Jesus as a mere mortal and messenger/prophet of God rather than the Lord and Son of God?

This is certainly a very interesting hypothesis and quite difficult to dismiss without further examination. The fact that the inscription talks about Jesus and the “Muhammad” in the inscription, if translated to “the praised one”, can also be referring to Jesus gives credence to this hypothesis.

Nevertheless, it will be very difficult for most people to accept this hypothesis as a possibility considering that for more than 1,000 years people have held on to a certain belief and now you are asking them to rethink this whole thing. You are also telling them that for more than 1,000 years what they believed may not have been correct after all.

One more ‘troubling’ thing about this hypothesis is that Caliph Abd al-Malik was supposed to be a Muslim. Therefore, if he had built this as a shrine for Jesus Christ rather than Prophet Muhammad, does this mean the Caliph was not a Muslim but a Christian? This would be the most difficult question facing Muslims who may choose to consider this hypothesis as a possibility.

I suppose this is why the Muslim ulama’ say you must not think too much because too much thinking may confuse you and lead you astray. Hmm…maybe I should stop thinking about this then.

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INSCIPTIONS ON THE DOME OF THE ROCK

INSCRIPTIONS ON THE INSIDE OF THE OCTAGONAL ARCADE

S: In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. He has no associate. Unto Him belongeth sovereignity and unto Him belongeth praise. He quickeneth and He giveth death; and He has Power over all things. Muhammad is the servant of God and His Messenger.

SE: Lo! God and His angels shower blessings on the Prophet. O ye who believe! Ask blessings on him and salute him with a worthy salutation. The blessing of God be on him and peace be on him, and may God have mercy. O People of the Book! Do not exaggerate in your religion

E: nor utter aught concerning God save the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a Messenger of God, and His Word which He conveyed unto Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in God and His messengers, and say not ‘Three’ – Cease!

NE: better for you! – God is only One God. Far be it removed from His transcendent majesty that He should have a son. His is all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth. And God is sufficient as Defender. The Messiah will never scorn to be a

N: servant unto God, nor will the favoured angels. Whoso scorneth His service and is proud, all such will He assemble unto Him. Oh God, bless Your Messenger and Your servant Jesus

NW: son of Mary. Peace be on him the day he was born, and the day he dies, and the day he shall be raised alive! Such was Jesus, son of Mary, a statement of the truth concerning which they doubt. It befitteth not God that He should take unto Himself a son. Glory be to Him!

W: When He decreeth a thing, He saith unto it only: Be! and it is. Lo! God is my Lord and your Lord. So serve Him. That is the right path. God is witness that there is no God save Him. And the angels and the men of learning. Maintaining His creation in justice, there is no God save Him,

SW: the Almighty, the Wise. Lo! religion with God Islam. Those who received the Book differed only after knowledge came unto them, through transgression among themselves. Whoso disbelieveth the revelations of God lo! God is swift at reckoning!

INSCRIPTIONS ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE OCTAGONAL ARCADE

S: In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. He has no associate. Say: He is God, the One! God, the eternally Besought of all! He begetteth not nor was begotten. And there is none comparable unto Him. Muhammad is the Messenger of God, the blessing of God be on him.

SW: In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. He has no associate. Muhammad is the Messenger of God. Lo! God and His angels shower blessings on the Prophet.

W: O ye who believe! Ask blessings on him and salute him with a worthy salutation. In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. Praise be to

NW: God, Who hath not taken unto Himself a son, and Who hath no partner in the Sovereignty, nor hath He any protecting friend through dependence. And magnify Him with all magnificence. Muhammad is the Messenger of

N: God, the blessing of God be on him and the angels and His prophets, and peace be on him, and may God have mercy. In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. He has no associate.

NE: Unto Him belongeth sovereignty and unto Him belongeth praise. He quickeneth. And He giveth death; and He has Power over all things. Muhammad is the Messenger of God, the blessing of God be on him. May He accept his intercession on the Day of Judgment on behalf of his people.

E: In the name of God, the Merciful the Compassionate. There is no god but God. He is One. He has no associate. Muhammad is the Messenger of God, the blessing of God be on him. The dome was built by servant of God ‘Abd

SE: of the Faithful, in the year two and seventy. May God accept from him and be content with him. Amen, Lord of the worlds, praise be to God.