Sending mixed signals

 

In Islam you cannot separate the church from the state like they do in Christianity. Islam is closer to Judaism than to Christianity. The Jews consider themselves a race and they aspired to set up their own nation, Israel. The Muslims, too, consider themselves a nation -- an ummah (community) -- and they too aspire to set up an Islamic nation (or Islamic State). How many times have we heard Muslim scholars and religious people say ‘Ummah Islam’? This means the Community of Islam or the Nation of Islam.

THE CORRIDORS OF POWER

Raja Petra Kamarudin

Don't mix Islam with politics: Selangor Sultan

(Bernama, 14 Nov 2012) -- The Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah, has warned against an inclination of mixing Islam with politics for it could confuse and divide the Malays.

He said confusion arose when people who were not qualified to interpret Qur’anic verses began elucidating them based on their own understanding and desire or it could go against the actual meaning.

"Qur’anic verses are not like poetry verses that can be interpreted according to one own taste and belief.”

"I want the Malays to defend the sanctity of Islam through their might and wisdom as had been done by Prophet Muhammad, his companions, mujahid (warriors), and Islamic leaders.”

"The Malay leaders of yesteryears had used their wisdom to define the characteristics of the Malays in Article 160 (2) of the Federal Constitution that they should adopt the Malay culture, speak Bahasa Melayu and being Muslims," he said at the state-level Maal Hijrah celebration at the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque here, tonight.

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That was what His Highness the Sultan said last night, as reported by Bernama. As what His Highness hastitah (royal decree), I will not quote and interpret any verses from the Qur’an. After all, I am not taking Qur’anic studies in Oxford. I am just taking history, plus philosophy of religion thrown in. Hence I shall restrict my comments to only the historical aspects of the subject.

Judaism, Christianity and Islam are what we call the Abrahamic faiths. And note the word ‘faiths’, which means you need to believe in the absence of evidence. Now, they are called ‘Abrahamic’ faiths because all three have their roots in the Prophet Abraham (or Ibrahim, to the Muslims). In fact, the Muslims believe that Abraham and his son Ismail (Ishmael) built the Ka’bah in Mekah, the direction Muslims face when they pray.

The Jews are a race. You need to be born a Jew. You cannot ‘become’ a Jew like you can become a Christian or a Muslim -- although some people have converted to Judaism. Followers of Christianity and Islam, however, are not a race. Christians regard Christianity as a faith (of the Christian faith) while Muslims regard Islam as anadeen (a way of life).

And that was why the Jews wanted a ‘homeland’, which they now have. So the Jews went on to create a nation called Israel. The Christians went on to separate the church from the state. And the Muslims went on to form governments and conquered new territories to extend their system of government to these territories.

If you were ask a Muslim as to why Islam ‘interferes’ in the lives of the people, why they ‘police’ behaviour/morality, why they want to impose an Islamic system of administration and laws, etc., they will reply that this is because Islam is not a religion but a system of governance -- meaning a complete way of life (adeen, as mentioned in the Qur’an).

Using the Muslims’ own arguments, Islam is a total/complete political system that determines the administration and laws of the country. And that is why Muslims talk about an ‘Islamic State’ -- or, as Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad said, Malaysia is a Muslim country.

Hence, Islam is not merely a religion where you pray, fast, pay tithes, etc., and then go on and lead your own life without any interference from the government. Islam is a form of government -- it governs what you can and cannot do very strictly, even in the privacy of your bedroom.

So how can His Highness the Sultan of Selangor decree that Islam and politics should not mix, or that you should separate politics from religion? Islam is politics!

In Islam you cannot separate the church from the state like they do in Christianity. Islam is closer to Judaism than to Christianity. The Jews consider themselves a race and they aspired to set up their own nation, Israel. The Muslims, too, consider themselves a nation -- an ummah (community) -- and they too aspire to set up an Islamic nation (or Islamic State). How many times have we heard Muslim scholars and religious people say ‘Ummah Islam’? This means the Community of Islam or the Nation of Islam.

Now, ‘nation’ does not necessarily mean ‘country’. For example, the ‘Indian Nation’ is a collection of various Native American tribes within the United States of America. So it can, in a way, be called a nation within a nation.

If you were to trace the history of the three Abrahamic faiths, you can see that the Jews started, from the very beginning, as a race or tribe -- for example, Moses led his people out of Egypt to cross the Red Sea. The ‘religion’ came later. (If Moses had been smart enough to lead his people a bit farther east they would have ended up in Saudi Arabia and today they would own all the oil).

Christianity and Islam, however, started as cults. It was much later that Christianity became a religion (with a doctrine or dogma) and Islam became a political system (or way of life, adeen, government, etc.).

Hence the Jews emerged immediately as a Nation the day Moses led his people out of Egypt and settled in the ‘Promised Land’. The Christians and Muslims, however, evolved over time and transformed into what Christianity and Islam is today by ‘reinventing’ itself through a clearly defined doctrine.

Christianity began to lose its cult status after the time of Jesus and during the time of Paul (see the timeline below). However, it was not until more than 300 years later that Christianity was ‘defined’ with a clear doctrine and almost 800 years before Catholicism took root.

As for Islam, as early as during the time of Prophet Muhammad it established itself as a system of government and the Battle of Badr in 624 defined what Islam was going to become -- a political force.

Now, since His Highness the Sultan is Malay, and hence will be from the Shafi’i school of Islam, let us talk about Mazhab Shafi’i or the Shafi’i school of Islam.

The Shafi’i school of Islam was established around 200 years or so after the time of Prophet Muhammad during the reign of Hārūn al-Rashīd (the Caliph of the One Thousand and One Nights fame). Hence Malays are following a branch of Islam that was established long after the death of the Prophet and during the time of ‘liberalisation’. This can be said to be the beginning of the 'separation of church and state', when power over religion was transferred into the hands of the scholars (ulama') who were not too happy with the 'liberal' lifestyle of the Caliph.

Let me conclude this piece as follows. Islam says it is not a religion but a way of life. Prophet Muhammad embarked upon setting up a system of government based on an Islamic system of administration. Malays follow the Shafi’i school of Islam, which was established 180-200 years after the death of Prophet Muhammad and when the Hadith began to emerge (and that is why Malay Muslims talk more about the Hadith than the Qur’an).

In short, just like what happened in Christianity, Islam was defined (or redefined) later and what Malays practice today is the ‘reinvented’ version of Islam, just like what the Christians are doing. Hence His Highness the Sultan’s Royal Decree is not in line with the Medina version of Islam but follows a later form of Islam where religion and state are separated. If you follow Prophet Muhammad’s Medina version of Islam then Islam is the state.

Of course, I am analysing things from the historical point of view and not from the theological point of view -- so certainly theologians will disagree with my hypothesis. But then that is their view (based on theology) while I have my own view (based on history).

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TIMELINE

Paul the Apostle’s (c. AD 5 – c. AD 67) leadership, influence and legacy led to the formation of communities dominated by Gentile groups that worshiped the God of Israel, adhered to the "Judaic moral code", but relaxed or abandoned the ritual and dietary teachings of the Law of Moses, that these laws and rituals had either been fulfilled in the life of Christ or were symbolic precursors of Christ, all on the basis of Paul's teachings of the life and works of Jesus Christ and his teaching of a New Covenant (or "new testament") established through Jesus' death and resurrection.

The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea in Bithynia (present-day İznik in Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325. This first ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom.

The Battle of Badr was fought on Saturday, 13 March (AD) 624.

The Second Council of Nicaea met in AD 787 in Nicaea (site of the First Council of Nicaea) to restore the use and veneration of icons (or holy images), which had been suppressed by imperial edict inside the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Leo III (717–741). His son, Constantine V (741–775), had held the Council of Hieria to make the suppression official.

Caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd (17 March 763 or February 766 – 24 March 809) was the fifth Arab Abbasid Caliph that encompassed modern Iraq.

Imam Shafi’i a.k.a. Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i (AD 767-820) or 150-204 years after Prophet Muhammad’s hijrah/migration from Mekah to Medina.