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Wednesday, August 10, 2022

JWW Birch Mengharamkan Adat 'Hamba' Di Negeri Perak

Menghambakan manusia (perhambaan) telah lama menjadi adat di seluruh dunia daripada zaman silam sampai ke hari ini. Bukan saja bangsa kulit putih menghambakan manusia sesama bangsa atau dari bangsa lain tetapi orang Afrika, orang Arab, Firaun di Mesir, orang China, orang Jepun, orang Melayu, orang Nusantara (Indonesia), orang India semuanya mengamalkan adat menghambakan sesama manusia.

British telah haramkan perhambaan pada tahun 1772 (Somerset v Stewart (1772) 98 ER 499). 

Pada zaman sebelum ketibaan British di Tanah Semenanjung perhambaan telah pun menjadi adat dan kebiasaan dalam masyarakat Melayu. Bukan saja hamba-hamba dikerah sebagai kuli dan pekerja tapi mereka juga di jual kepada orang lain, termasuk 'diekspot' ke luar negara. 

Satu contoh yang famous adalah Enrique of Melaka atau Henry The Black (yang pernah disebut oleh Dr Mahathir) seorang budak Melayu yang dijual sebagai hamba abdi kepada Ferdinand Magellan, pelaut Portugis pada tahun 1511.

Semasa saya kecil di Ipoh, Perak pada tahun 1960an kami kenal seorang jiran Melayu, seorang wanita tua yang bernama Kak M yang "mempunyai" seorang pembantu rumah. Ikut ceritanya pembantu rumah itu adalah 'hamba' kepunyaannya. Pembantu rumah itu sudah kahwin dan mempunyai seorang anak lelaki Z. yang juga menjadi rakan baik saya pada masa itu. Z. pernah beritahu saya, secara sedikit seloroh  bahawa ibunya pernah jadi 'hamba' kepada Kak M.

Anyway yang berikut adalah sedikit rujukan berkenaan sejarah adat hamba-menghamba di Tanah Semenanjung yang saya jumpa di sini :  https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/408944

  • Slavery was a valued regional trade, woven into the economy and social fabric of the local society. 
  • It was a widespread and perfectly acceptable practice in Malaya, before the arrival of the British.
  • “In the early period,” remarked historian Nordin Hussin, “slaves were an integral part of Melaka, the descendants of those who had lived within the socio-cultural context of the old Malay world.” 
  • The Italian trader John of Empoli, after he visited Melaka, wrote in 1514 of a certain “Utama Diraja” who owned 8,000 slaves.
  • In the mid-seventeenth century, slaves comprised more than 30 percent of Melaka town’s population.

Jadi catatan sejarah dan kajian oleh pakar sejarah tempatan memberi rujukan berkenaan perhambaan atau slavery yang sudah menjadi institusi di kalangan masyarakat tempatan.

The cruelty of slavery

  • Slavery, as practised in Malaya as well as in other parts of the world, involved rampant cruelty and injustice. Slaves were generally despised. They were kidnapped, sold, abused, raped, and killed.
  • Orang Asli, who weres labelled as ‘Sakai’ (slave) or ‘kafir’ (infidel) became the usual target. The Orang Asli were the “greatest local source of slaves”.
  • Sir Frank A Swettenham, the Resident of Selangor from 1882 to 1884, reported a case to the British Parliament in July 1882: “[A] Chief from Slim had a fortnight before captured 14 Jacoons and one Malay in Ulu Selangor, had chained them and driven them off to Slim.”

Kaum Orang Asli, termasuk Sakai dan Jakun lazimnya diburu dan ditangkap untuk dijadikan hamba-hamba abdi.

Slavery was a key institution

“Malay custom and Islamic law,” wrote Cambridge University’s historian Iza Hussin, “allowed for slaveholding, and the power of a ruler was judged in part by the size of his retinue, making slavery a key institution of Malay society.”

The Malay chiefs, elites, and sultans benefited from - and thus perpetuated -slavery. Therefore, slavery was a traditional custom in the Malay worldview, a cornerstone of the community’s economy, social structure, and politics, uncontroversial and allowed by religion.

Sekarang kita fastforward ke cerita JWW Birch. Birch dilantik sebagai Penasihat British di Perak pada 1875. Sejak awal lagi JWW Birch amat tidak senang melihat adat hamba yang menjadi amalan pembesar Melayu di Perak. Kita sambung cerita daripada rujukan di atas tadi:

The British wanted to abolish slavery

When they came to power in Malaya (1824), the British began to register slaves, partly because they wanted to abolish the practice. 

“[The] English administration,” wrote Hussin, “made a compulsory order for all slave masters to register their slaves with the police. Regulation was passed and those who refused to register would see the slaves liberated.”

“In Perak, slaves and debt bondsmen numbered an estimated 3,000 in a total Malay population of perhaps 50,000 (approximately six percent).”

Apparently, one record shows that the price for a slave in Kinta, Perak was “Two rolls of coarse cloth, a hatchet, a chopper and an iron cooking-pot.”

“The practice of debt-slavery was particularly rife in Perak, and as Mr Birch determinedly set his face against it and helped several of the most oppressed to get out of the country, his action did not increase his popularity with the chiefs. 

The British were resolute to eliminate slavery in Malaya. Not even the Perak War could deter them.

Since the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty on 17 March 1824, which established British’s rule over Malaya, the colonial administrator took active measures to phase out slavery. In the seventeenth century, more than 30 percent of the Melaka town’s population were slaves. By 1827, the slave population was less than 11 percent.

Birch’s abhorrence over slavery is recorded in his diary: “[Men] and women of the country of the Sakais or wild people of the interior are captured after being hunted down, and are then sold, and made slaves. These poor people, from what I have seen, are worse treated than any other slaves.”

JWW Birch juga pernah mewujudkan sebuah pusat pelarian hamba abdi di Bandar Bharu di Perak. Birch telah membantu hamba-hamba dari Perak melarikan diri ke negeri lainCampurtangan JWW Birch yang sebegini rupa naikkan lagi kemarahan pembesar Melayu di negeri Perak.

Setelah JWW Birch dibunuh pada 2hb November 1875, dia telah diganti sebagai Penasihat British kepada Sultan Perak (Resident) oleh Sir Hugh Low. Ramai orang mungkin tidak tahu bahawa walaupun Hugh Low lebih ber-diplomatik dan pandai jaga hati pembesar Melayu di Perak tetapi beliau telah laksanakan undang-undang British untuk mengharamkan dan menghapuskan adat hamba abdi dengan lebih tegas dan keras. 

Untuk tenangkan hati pembesar Melayu di Perak yang telah hilang pendapatan daripada perniagaan jual-beli Orang Asli dan hamba lain, Hugh Low telah mendapat persetujuan kerajaan British untuk membayar elaun dan pencen kepada Sultan dan pembesar-pembesar Melayu Perak.  

Elaun dan pencen British itu membantu menjalin perhubungan dan persahabatan antara British dan pembesar Melayu. 

Ramai orang juga tidak tahu bahawa anak sulong JWW Birch yang bernama Ernest Woodford Birch telah dilantik menjadi Residen British Perak Ke 6 (pada bulan Februari tahun 1904). 

Beberapa tahun sebelum itu, Ernest Birch telah pegang tugas sebagai Pemangku Residen dsbnya di negeri Perak. 

Ernest Birch telah "menjalankan mesyuarat Majlis Negeri Perak yang pertama yang mana beliau sendiri telah mempengerusikannya. Mesyuarat yang pertama itu dijalankan pada 2 November 1895 yang mana sama tarikh dengan kematian ayahnya James Wheeler Woodford Birch (JWW Birch) selepas 20 tahun sejak 2 Nov 1875".

Inilah sedikit sejarah moden negeri Perak dan peranan JWW Birch, Hugh Low dan kerajaan British untuk menghapuskan adat hamba abdi di negeri itu.

The views expressed are those of the writer and do not necessarily reflect those of MMKtT.

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