OXFORD, March 27 – Oxford Languages has announced today its latest update to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), featuring several loanwords from Malaysia.

In a statement, publisher Oxford University Press said among the newly included words is “alamak” — an exclamation expressing surprise, shock, dismay, or outrage.

It said the origins of the word — borrowed from Malay and first recorded in 1952 — are uncertain but may stem from Arabic and Portuguese expressions. A similar interjection, “alamah,” exists in Kristang, a Malay-Portuguese creole.

“It could have come from ala ‘highest, exalted’, from the Arabic aʿlā ‘higher, highest’ or Allah ‘god’, from Arabic allāh, combined with mak ‘mother’, perhaps originally after the Portuguese expression Mãe de Deus, literally ‘Mother of God’, Santa Mãe, literally ‘Holy Mother’, or another similar utterance,” it said.

Several food-related terms have also been added, reflecting the influence of Malay cuisine such as “ketupat” (first recorded in 1886) refers to a diamond-shaped rice cake wrapped in woven palm leaves, commonly served with satay or festive meals.

“Otak-otak” (1929) describes a dish of ground fish mixed with spices and coconut milk, wrapped in banana or palm leaves, and cooked by steaming or grilling.

“Nasi lemak” (1935), a dish of coconut milk-cooked rice with various garnishes, and “kaya toast” (1989), a toasted bread sandwich with butter and kaya (a coconut and egg jam), also made the list.

Other newly recognised food terms include “half-boiled egg” (1931), an egg cooked briefly in hot water and seasoned with soy sauce and pepper, and “tapau” (1997), a term derived from Cantonese meaning to pack food for takeaway.

Meanwhile, two dishes with Anglicised names — “fish head curry” (1972) and “steamboat” (1960) — have also been included.

Beyond food, the update features “mat rempit” (2004), describing young men involved in illegal motorcycle racing in Malaysia.

The word “terror”, first recorded in 1977, is also listed as an adjective in Malaysian English, meaning either “terrible” or, in a positive sense, “admirable” or “excellent.” This word is sometimes spelled “terer” in colloquial Malay, to distinguish it from the original English word.

The full list of words:

The OED details 500,000 words and phrases from across the English-speaking world.

Other Malaysian loanwords already included in the OED are:

Oxford University Press said a word will be considered for inclusion in the OED when it has gathered independent examples from a good variety of sources, and evidence that the word has been in use for a reasonable amount of time.

OED’s consultants for Malaysian loanwords are Prof Stefanie Pillai of the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics in University of Malaya, and Stuart Robson, adjunct associate professor from Monash University. - malaymail